Abstract: Since the Soviet invasion in 1979, drug cultivation, production, and smuggling have gradually become central to Afghanistan's war economy. After the Taliban's return to power in 2021, the regime issued a decree completely banning poppy cultivation and drug production, significantly reducing poppy farming areas and achieving initial success in drug control policies. Despite the Taliban government's implementation of various anti-drug measures, the deeply entrenched drug economy, local corruption, farmers' livelihood issues, the complexity of drug smuggling networks, the lag in developing alternative economies, as well as international isolation and external sanctions, continue to severely hinder the long-term progress of anti-drug efforts. Research indicates that effective political reconstruction and economic restructuring are essential for fundamentally transforming the drug economy, ensuring the country's long-term stability and development, and enhancing the Afghan government's capacity for drug control.

Key words: Afghan Interim Government, Taliban, Drug Control, Drug Economy, Power Structure