Abstract: In the new era, the development of village-level collective economy in the countryside of China is still facing some dilemmas, such as smaller economic aggregate, low quality of development, the development of energy shortage, and unbalanced regional developmen. These dilemmas have profound institutional incentives, including imperfect rural basic management system, strong inertia of the urban-rural dual structure, unsound public service mechanism, lack of sufficient tilt policy, insufficient construction of grass-roots organizations, village-level collective assets supervision and management is not in place, fuzzy property rights of collective assets, lack of legal person qualification of village-level collective organization. So, we should stick and improve the basic rural operation system, perfect the laws and regulations of rural collective economy, focus on the integration of functions, increase policy support, promote industrial integration, strengthen the definition of property rights of collective assets in rural areas, consolidate the construction of grass-roots organizations and political power, innovate the system supply and effectively realize rural village-level collective economic development.

Key words: the new era, village-level collective economy in the countryside, the plight of development, institutional crux, governance policies.