关键词: 巴基斯坦, 教育国有化改革, 私立学校教师, 民粹主义

Abstract: In the late 1960s, Pakistan faced severe regional economic imbalances and polarization, which sparked widespread social discontent. By the early 1970s, Zulfikar Ali Bhutto and his Pakistan People's Party (PPP) came to power through elections and implemented nationalization reforms to address these issues. Bhutto also pursued nationalization policies in education, aiming to state-control all non-foreign private universities. The PPP's higher education nationalization process was marked by twists and turns, reflecting ongoing power struggles between the party and other domestic political forces. This process highlighted the PPP's governance characteristics and methods, while also exposing the party's major challenges during its rule in the 1970s. Bhutto and the PPP's governance of Pakistan was shaped by the historical context of the era, defining the fundamental political style of Pakistan's democratic parties and exerting profound long-term impacts on the country's political landscape.

Key words: Pakistan, nationalization of education reform, private school teachers, populism